癌症 Can Be Fun For Anyone

癌症篩檢,是希望在一般大眾身上提早找出潛在未發現與早期無症狀的癌症。所進行的測試必須適合廣大民眾能夠負擔,並且安全,無侵入性而且不易有假陽性結果產生。一旦發現癌症的跡象,更精確的後續檢驗,或使用侵入性手術取得組織切片以確定篩檢結果則是必要的。

癌症的存活率,會因腫瘤長的位置、大小、數目及癌症的分期而有不同,一般來說,只要早期發現,治癒率就越高;根據統計,發現許多癌症零期(原位癌)的病人,五年存活率幾乎接近百分之百,不過存活率會隨著期別愈晚而降低。(延伸閱讀:原位癌是什麼?剖析癌症進化史)

In non-individuals, a few forms of transmissible cancer have also been explained, whereby the cancer spreads amongst animals by transmission with the tumor cells by themselves.

最近幾十年的研究中,最為確定的發現就是抽煙和癌症間密切的相關性,許多流行病學研究也已經證實這樣的關係。根據美國的數據顯示,隨著吸煙人數增加,肺癌的死亡率急劇升高。隨著近年來廣為宣導抽菸對身體的傷害之後,抽菸人口的減少,也反映在肺癌死亡率降低上。

Upper body X-ray demonstrating lung most cancers while in the still left lung Most cancers are originally acknowledged possibly due to the overall look of signals or indications or via screening.[one hundred twenty five] Neither of these results in a definitive prognosis, which involves the evaluation of a tissue sample by a pathologist.

A very well-acknowledged example of this is the Philadelphia chromosome, or translocation of chromosomes nine and 22, which happens in Persistent myelogenous leukemia and results in manufacture of the BCR-abl fusion protein, an oncogenic tyrosine kinase.

The influenced genes are divided into two broad classes. Oncogenes are genes that promote cell growth and replica. Tumor suppressor genes are genes that inhibit cell division and survival. Malignant transformation can come about with the development of novel oncogenes, the inappropriate more than-expression of standard oncogenes, or by the beneath-expression or 癌症 disabling of tumor suppressor genes.

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除了切除原發性腫瘤之外,癌症的病程分期(英语:staging)也需要手術的協助。例如,確定腫瘤惡化的程度與是否發生淋巴結轉移。病程分期主要可用來推測預後和是否需要實行輔助治療(英语:adjuvant therapy)。有時手術也被用來控制症狀以減輕病人痛苦,如脊髓壓迫或腸阻塞,稱為紓緩治療。

确定治疗目标是重要的第一步。主要目标通常是治愈癌症或显著延长生命。改善患者的生活质量也是一项重要目标。这可通过为患者提供身体、社会心理和精神健康支持以及在癌症末期提供姑息治疗来实现。

癌症預防的目標就是減低癌症的發生。包含減少接觸致癌物的機會,改變飲食及生活習慣,或是醫療技術的進步(超音波、核磁共振攝影、X射線斷層成像或正電子發射電腦斷層掃描等檢驗)。

癌細胞擴散至距離原始腫瘤遙遠的器官及組織。此時癌細胞流竄於全身,必需借助循環全身的化學治療藥物治療。安寧照護將是治療選項之一。

制定标准和工具,以指导筹划和实施针对成人和儿童癌症的预防、早期诊断、筛查、治疗、姑息治疗和生存关怀措施;

微量營養素缺乏被認為與癌症有關,但是進行隨機臨床實驗需要眾多人數參與,需時多年才能完成,因此花費也極為昂貴和複雜,所以很少實施。而通常只能以單劑量來做實驗,缺乏其他濃度比較,使得難以評估實際臨床所需的量也是一大問題。

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